Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

BIOLOGY 2404

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

COMMON COURSE OBJECTIVES

The objectives were written in consideration of these goals:

• to define a core body of knowledge for BIOL 2404 Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology that

will be covered completely in all sections of the course

• to provide a description of course content for new faculty

• to use only the core body of knowledge for constructing an assessment final, if

the department decides to use one for BIOL 2404

• to emphasize that the course content for BIOL 2404 is approximately 60-70% anatomy and 30-40% physiology

• to allow instructors some flexibility in the addition of material beyond the core objectives.

• to meet the needs of the ACC Allied Health Sciences programs that require BIOL 2404

• to meet the needs of ACC students taking BIOL 2404

• to accommodate differences in student learning styles

The common course objectives are divided by topic.

a. This is done for the convenience of most instructors but does not mean that the topics need to be covered in this order. The order of the topics is not linked to any particular textbook.

b. Within each major topic the objectives are subdivided into “lecture topics” and “lab topics”. You will find that some subjects are listed in both sections, and some in only one. In some cases you may decide to move a topic from lecture to lab, to move it from lab to lecture, or to cover it in both. If a topic is listed in both sections you are not required to cover it in both lecture and lab if in your judgement it is best done another way.

c. Some of the ACC Health Science programs have requested more coverage of certain physiology topics. These topics will be marked with an *.

Within the “lecture topics” lists, some items require more thorough coverage, and others only a brief overview. These suggestions are made to help instructors manage the material so that everything can be covered in one semester. Please remember this is an introductory course. If students need more thorough coverage of these topics, they should take A&P I and A&P II.

Assumptions for BIOL 2404 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

• Material that is covered in one chapter will not be reviewed in future chapters. It is assumed that the student has mastered that material. The information the student is expected to know is listed as assumptions.

All campuses will adopt whole animal dissection in lab, specifically to illustrate the individual variations between organisms and to demonstrate certain concepts that cannot be adequately seen on models (such as mesenteries and fascia between adjacent muscles).

Dissection is a skill required in subsequent classes and programs. In order to adequately prepare our students, students will do the dissections. At their discretion, instructors may

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

provide additional dissections as demonstrations. The official Biology Department policy concerning student use of organisms in the classroom and laboratory can be found at:

http://www.austincc.edu/biology/organismspolicy.html

The following is a list of structures that students should identify on a dissected animal (cat, fetal pig, rat) The items on this list also appear along with the related lab topics below and are included here for easy reference.

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

heart

aorta: arch, abdominal common

carotid artery anterior and posterior vena cava

thymus

spleen

larynx

trachea

lungs

diaphragm

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

greater omentum

pancreas

mesentery

liver

gall bladder if present in species dissected

kidney

ureter

urinary bladder

ovaries

testes

Since the particular inventory of prepared microscope slides and models may differ from campus to campus, instructors should provide additional guidance concerning which models to use and which slides to use for identifying histological structures (example: whole mount vs. cross section of simple squamous epithelium)

Intro to A&P

• No assumptions

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

Lecture Objectives:

1. Define anatomy

2. Distinguish between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

3. Define physiology

4. List, in sequential order, the hierarchy of living organisms starting with atom and ending with an organism

5. Define the following terms: atom, molecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

6. Identify the 11 organ systems of the human body and list associated organs

7. Discuss the major functions of the 11 organ systems

8. Define homeostasis

9. Name the two regulatory organ systems that control homeostasis

10. Describe each of the three major components of homeostatic control mechanisms (receptor, control center, and effector)

11. Describe how positive feedback and negative feedback are involved in homeostatic regulation

12. Describe the correct anatomical position of the human body

13. Describe and demonstrate how anatomists use directional terms, anatomical planes in the process of establishing references for describing anatomical (organ –to-organ) relationships

14. Define body cavity

15. List the major body cavities of the human body and the subdivisions of each, include the structures that separate the body cavities.

16. Describe the serous membranes in the ventral body cavity.

17. Name some of the major organs located in each body cavity

18. Identify the four abdominopelvic quadrants and give examples of organs in them

19. Identify the nine abdominopelvic regions and give examples of organs in them

Lab Objectives:

Describe anatomical position

Define and be able to use the terms of body orientation and position:

superior/inferior

anterior/posterior

medial/lateral

dorsal/ventral

proximal/distal

superficial/deep

Define and be able to use the terms of body surface anatomy:

oral

orbital

cervical

thoracic

axillary

brachial

antecubital

abdominal

inguinal

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

femoral

patellar

popliteal

occipital

lumbar

gluteal

calcaneal

Define and be able to identify the body planes and sections:

sagittal

frontal

transverse

Define, be able to identify and name the organs in the body cavities:

dorsal

cranial

spinal

ventral

thoracic

abdominopelvic

abdominal

pelvic

Define and be able to identify the serous membranes of the body cavities:

pericardium (visceral and parietal)

pleura (visceral and parietal)

peritoneum (visceral and parietal)

Identify the body cavities on a torso model or diagram

Identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

thoracic cavity

abdominopelvic cavity

parietal pericardium

visceral pericardium

parietal pleura

visceral pleura

parietal peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

Chemistry

• No assumptions

Lecture Objectives:

1. Define the term matter and state the components that make up matter.

2. Define the term element. List the 4 most common elements in the body and write their chemical symbol.

3. Define the term atom. Explain the relationship between elements and atoms.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

4. Describe the structure of an atom, including the charge and location of the three subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons).

5. Define the terms atomic number and atomic mass.

6. Define isotopes and give examples of their use in medicine.

7. Define the terms ion, anion and cation.

8. Distinguish between inorganic and organic molecules.

9. Describe the major properties of water (including polarity, universal solvent, high heat capacity) and waters importance to life.

10. Define the following terms: acid, base.

11. Compare acids and bases in terms of their H+ and OH- concentrations.

12. Describe the pH scale and how it relates to the H+ concentration of a solution.

13. Identify a solution as neutral, acidic or basic based on the pH.

14. Define buffers and explain their significance in the body.

15. Define the following terms: salts and electrolytes. Give examples of common electrolytes in the human body.

16. Name the four major types of organic molecules in living organisms (biomolecules).

17. Distinguish between monomers and polymers. Identify the monomers and polymers of major biomolecules.

18. Compare and identify the structure of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose), disaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose) and polysaccharides (glycogen, cellulose, starch). State functional significance of carbohydrates.

19. Compare and identify the general structure and functions of triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

20. Describe the general structure of amino acids.

21. Define and be able to identify proteins, polypeptides, amino acids, and peptide bonds.

22. Discuss the significance of the shape (structure) of a protein.

Note for instructors: Briefly mention the 4 levels of protein structure

23. Define denaturation. State 2 factors that can denature a protein.

24. List some functions of proteins using examples such as structural support, transport, movement, immunity, and communication.

25. Define the functions of enzymes, using the terms substrate, active site, products, and catalyst.

26. Define nucleic acids. Give examples.

27. Identify the monomers of nucleic acids.

28. Compare and identify DNA and RNA, include location, number of strands and basic function.

29. Describe how ATP provides energy to drive all cellular work. State the reaction that summarizes the synthesis and breakdown of ATP.

Lab Objectives:

Simple lab demonstrating pH and buffers

Cells

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the structure of phospholipids

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

• Students are familiar with the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Lecture Objectives:

1. Define cell as the structural and functional unit of life.

2. Discuss the diversity of cells in size and shape.

3. Define intracellular and extracellular fluid and the role of the plasma membrane in separating them.

4. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus of a cell. Include the following: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, nucleoplasm, and nuclear pores.

5. Describe the structure and function of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus. Describe how they work together.

6. Describe the functions of lysosomes.

7. Describe the structure and function of mitochondria, cytoskeleton, centrosomes (centrioles), microvilli, cilia and flagella.

8. Discuss the functions of cell membranes.

9. Describe the molecular structure of the plasma membrane and identify each of the components of cell membranes in a drawing of cell membrane structure.

10.Identify the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of cell membranes in a drawing of cell membrane structure.

11.Define the terms solvent and solute.

12.List the factors that affect permeability across a membrane.

13.Distinguish between passive transport and active transport processes.

14.Define and describe the each of the following processes: simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis.

15.Describe the mechanism and significance of the Na/K pump.

16.Define tonicity. Determine whether the ECF is hypo-, hyper-, or isotonic with respect to the ICF when given the concentration of solutes in the ECF.

17.Determine which way water will move by osmosis and whether the cell will shrink, stay the same shape, or swell when given the concentration of solutes.

Lab Objectives:

Identify the parts of a compound light microscope

Demonstrate correct care and usage of microscopes and slides

Using models or diagrams, identify these cell components:

plasma membrane

cytosol

nucleus

nuclear envelope

mitochondrion

ribosome

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Identify these cell components on microscope slides (such as thyroid or blood)

plasma membrane

cytosol

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

nucleus

Simple lab demonstrating diffusion and osmosis

Tissues

• No assumptions

Lecture Objectives:

1. Define the term tissue.

2. Name the body’s four major types of tissues.

3. State the general function of each primary tissue.

4. Describe the structural characteristics of epithelial tissues. Include the following: cellularity, polarity, and lack of blood supply.

5. Compare the function of the 3 types of lateral junctions: tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

6. Classify epithelial tissues based on number of layers and shape of cells.

7. Describe the structure, function and location of simple squamous, stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

8. Distinguish between the functions of cilia and microvilli.

9. Compare exocrine and endocrine glands.

10.Describe the general structure and functions of connective tissues. Define the major components of connective tissues: cells and extracellular matrix (ground substance, and protein fibers)

11.Name 4 major types of connective tissue: CT proper, cartilage, bone, blood.

12.List the 4 major membranes (serous, cutaneous, mucous, and synovial) and the primary tissues that compose them.

13.Describe the general characteristics and functions of the muscle tissue. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

14.State the characteristics and general function of the nervous tissue. Include the 2 types of cells in the nervous tissue.

Integumentary System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the basic structure of eukaryotic cells, including plasma

membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the functions of the integumentary system.

2. Name the two main layers of the skin. Differentiate them from hypodermis.

3. List and identify the strata (for thick and thin skin) of the epidermis in sequential order from deepest to most superficial and vice-versa.

4. Name the stratum of the epidermis that includes mitotic cells and therefore contributes to the replacement of cells on the surface of the skin.

5. Discuss the importance of diffusion between the epidermis and the underlying dermis for nutrients and oxygen.

6. Discuss the function of each of the following: melanocytes, melanin, keratin, keratinocytes, dendritic cells and merkel cells.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

7. Name and describe each layer of the dermis.

8. Discuss the structure and function of hair, including the following parts: hair root, hair shaft, hair follicle, hair papilla, and hair matrix.

9. Discuss the function of arrector pili muscle.

10.Discuss the function of sebaceous glands and their secretion, sebum.

11.Discuss the function of sudoriferous glands. Distinguish between apocrine and eccrine sudoriferous (sweat) glands.

12.Discuss the structure and function of nails, including the following parts: free edge, nail bed, eponychium, lunula, nail root and nail body.

13.Identify the pigments that affect skin color, include melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on a skin model or diagram:

epidermis:

stratum basale

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

dermis:

papillary layer

reticular layer

hypodermis

sebaceous glands

sudoriferous glands (apocrine and eccrine)

hair

hair follicle

blood vessels

arrector pili

tactile and lamellated corpuscles

Identify the locations of these types of membranes on models or diagrams: mucous, synovial and serous

Skeletal System

• No assumptions

Lecture Objectives:

1. Name the organs that make up the skeletal system.

2. Describe the functions of the skeletal system.

3. Classify bones on the basis of their shape.

4. Describe the structure of a typical long bone.

5. Identify the different types of bone cells and their function.

6. Describe the parts of the osteon (Haversian systems) that make up compact bones.

7. Compare and contrast the location and structure of compact and spongy bone tissue.

8. Compare intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.

9. Briefly describe remodeling of bone tissue.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

10. Describe the organization of the axial and appendicular skeleton (number of bones in each division).

11. Describe the girdles and explain their significance.

a. Identify the articulations between the girdle and the axial skeleton.

12. Differentiate between the male and female pelvis.

13. Describe the normal and abnormal curvatures of the spine.

14. Name and describe the 3 types of joints classified by structure.

15. Name and describe the 3 types of joints classified by function.

16. Describe the structures found in most synovial joints and their functions.

17. List and describe the different types of synovial joints (ball and socket, hinge, pivot and condyloid).

18. Define the terms for descriptions of movements, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, pronation and supination.

Lab Objectives

Identify these structures on a histology model of compact bone tissue:

osteon

central canal

lamellae

osteocytes in lacunae

Identify these parts of a typical long bone:

diaphysis

epiphysis

periosteum

articular surface

medullary cavity

endosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

Identify these bones and markings of the skull:

frontal bone

parietal bone

temporal bone

external auditory meatus

mastoid process

occipital bone

foramen magnum

occipital condyles

sphenoid bone

sella turcica

optic canal

ethmoid bone

crista galli

cribriform plate

perpendicular plate

sutures

sagittal

coronal

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

squamous

lambdoidal

mandible

maxilla

palatine bone

zygomatic bone

lacrimal bone

nasal bone

vomer

inferior nasal concha

paranasal sinuses

frontal

maxillary

ethmoid

sphenoid

hyoid bone

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the vertebral column:

individual vertebra: body, vertebral foramen, processes, intervertebral foramen specific vertebrae:

cervical

(transverse foramen)

atlas

axis: dens/odontoid process

thoracic

lumbar

sacrum

coccyx

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the bony thorax: sternum: manubrium, body or gladiolus, xiphoid process

ribs: vertebrosternal, vertebrochondral, vertebral (floating)

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the shoulder girdle:

clavicle

scapula: acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid cavity (fossa); spine

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the arm:

humerus: head

radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the pelvic girdle:

os coxa/coxal bone/innominate bone: acetabulum, iliac crest, ischial tuberosity

locate the true pelvis and false pelvis

locate and be able to identify these bones and markings of the leg:

femur: head, neck

tibia: tibial tuberosity

fibula, patella, tarsals (calcaneus), metatarsals, phalanges

Identify these parts of a knee joint on models or diagrams:

articular capsule, medial and lateral menisci, anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, tibial and fibular collateral ligaments, patellar ligament, articular cartilages, tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle

Muscular System

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with basic cell structures: plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the functions of the muscular system

2. Compare the structure (shape, number and location of nuclei, branching), function, location and control of the three types of muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth).

3. Define muscle fascicle and muscle fibers.

4. Describe the structure and role of tendons.

5. From superficial to deep, list the connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle.

6. Describe the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber. Include the definition of the terms sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubule, terminal cisternae, myofibrils, myofilaments, and sarcomere.

7. Compare the structure of thin and thick myofilaments. Name the major protein in each.

8. Identify the sarcomere as the functional unit of skeletal muscle and describe the structure of the sarcomere (thick and thin filaments and Z line).

9. Describe the structure of a neuromuscular junction. Include the terms axon terminal, neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, motor end plate, acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterase.

10. Summarize the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction.

11. Briefly summarize the events that occur during the contraction cycle. Include the role of thin and thick filaments (role of troponin and tropomyosin NOT required), cross bridges and ATP.

12. Define origin and insertion of skeletal muscles.

13. Interactions of skeletal muscles; discuss the relationship between prime mover (agonist), synergist, and antagonist muscles.

14. Give examples of muscles that are prime movers, synergists, and antagonists.

Lab Objectives

Identify these parts of a skeletal muscle:

tendon

Identify these parts on the muscle cell model or diagram:

Sarcolemma

t-tubules

sarcoplasmic reticulum

motor end plate

myofibril

sarcomere

endomysium

motor neuron

Identify these human muscles on models or diagrams:

orbicularis oculi

orbicularis oris

sternocleidomastoid

trapezius

deltoid

latissimus dorsi

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

pectoralis major

biceps brachii

triceps brachii

diaphragm

external intercostals

internal intercostals

external oblique

internal oblique

transversus abdominis

rectus abdominis

gluteus medius

gluteus maximus

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

vastus lateralis

vastus medialis

vastus intermedius

rectus femoris

biceps femoris

gastrocnemius

Nervous System

• No assumptions

Lecture Objectives:

Intro to the Nervous System

1. Discuss the general functions of the nervous system.

2. Describe and diagrammatically outline the two anatomical divisions of the nervous system (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system) and the subdivisions under each system.

3. Name the 2 organs that make up the central nervous system.

4. Name the 3 major components that make up the peripheral nervous system.

5. Identify the sites of sensory information for the somatic and visceral sensory divisions.

6. Identify the effectors of the somatic motor division and the visceral motor division (autonomic nervous system).

7. Name the two major cell types that make up nervous tissue.

8. State the function of neurons.

9. Describe the structure of a multipolar neuron using the following terms: cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminal

10.Name and describe the three structural classes of neurons.

11.Name and describe the three functional classes of neurons.

12.Describe the function of each type of neuroglia in the CNS and the PNS.

13.Define nodes of Ranvier.

14.Describe what comprises the white and gray matter in the nervous system.

15.Describe the typical resting membrane potential of a neuron.

16.Define action potential.*

17.Define the term voltage-gated channel. Identify the stimulus that opens these channels involved in the action potential. *

18.Briefly describe the events that lead to the 3 major phases of the action potential.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

19.Define propagation.

20.Define synapse.

21.Describe the structures of a chemical synapse. Include the terms presynaptic neuron, synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitter, synapse, postsynaptic neuron, and postsynaptic receptors. *

22.Describe the events that occur at a chemical synapse.

CNS Objectives

1. Name the four major regions of the brain.

2. Describe the general overall functions of the 5 lobes of the cerebral cortex.

3. Identify the functional regions of the cerebral cortex: sensory areas (including the primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, and primary gustatory cortex), and motor areas (primary motor cortex).

4. Identify the 3 major regions of the diencephalon and compare the location and function of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

5. Identify the 3 major regions of the brainstem and compare the location and function of the medulla oblongata, pons and the midbrain.

6. Describe the structure and function of the cerebellum.

7. Describe the ventricular system of the brain.

8. Name the openings or canals that connect the ventricles and allow the ventricles to communicate with one another.

9. Describe the structure, location, and function of the meninges and associated spaces in the spinal cord and brain.

10.Describe the function, production, and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), including the role of the choroid plexuses.

11.Describe the basic structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.

12.Describe the arrangement of white and gray matter within the spinal cord.

13.Describe the structure and function of the posterior and anterior horns in the gray matter of the spinal cord.

14.Describe the general functions of the ascending and descending tracts in the white matter of the spinal cord.

15.List the components of a reflex arc and describe the general mechanism of a reflex.

PNS and ANS Objectives

1. Describe the general functions of the peripheral nervous system.

2. Identify the components of the peripheral nervous system.

3. Define receptor, nerve and ganglion

4. Describe the anatomy of a nerve.

5. Describe how nerves can be classified by the location of their attachment to the CNS.

6. Describe the number, name and brief function of the cranial nerves

7. Describe the structure of the spinal nerves, including the dorsal and ventral roots

8. Compare and contrast the autonomic nervous system and the somatic motor division in

terms of: control (voluntary or involuntary), number of neurons to innervate the muscles and glands, and the response of the effector (excitatory or inhibitory).

9. Define the following terms: preganglionic neuron, ganglion, and postganglionic neuron. On a diagram, identify the preganglionic neuron, ganglion, and postganglionic neuron. *

10.Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the ANS in terms of:

a. Location of preganglionic neuron cell bodies (ie where the pathway originates)

b. Location of the ganglia (close to or further away from spinal cord) and the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic axons.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

c. The neurotransmitter the preganglionic and postganglionic axons release

11.Describe the adrenal medulla and its role in the sympathetic system.

12.Describe the physiological effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems on the following organs: heart, blood vessels, iris, bronchioles, digestive tract (motility or movement of food stuffs), sweat glands, and urinary bladder. *

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on neuron models or diagrams:

Axon

Schwann cell

myelin sheath

dendrite

synaptic knob/axon terminal

cell body

node of Ranvier

Identify these structures on brain models or diagrams:

cerebral hemisphere

longitudinal fissure

olfactory bulbs

olfactory tracts

optic nerves

optic chiasma

optic tracts

pituitary gland

pons

midbrain

corpora quadrigemina

medulla oblongata

cerebellum

arbor vitae

corpus callosum

thalamus

hypothalamus

pineal body

lateral ventricles

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

interventricular foramen

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a sheep brain:

cerebrum

cerebral hemispheres

cerebellum

arbor vitae

pons

medulla oblongata

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

spinal cord

olfactory bulbs

optic nerve

optic chiasma

optic tracts

pons

pineal body

corpora quadrigemina

corpus callosum

thalamus

hypothalamus

third ventricle

fourth ventricle

Identify these structures on spinal cord models or diagrams:

gray horns: anterior, lateral

posterior white columns: anterior, lateral, posterior dorsal root

dorsal root ganglion

ventral root

spinal nerve meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, epidural space filled with fat

central canal

Sensory System

• No assumptions

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the general function and characteristics of a sensory receptor.

2. Describe the classification system for sensory receptors based on type of stimulus.

3. Compare the general senses to the special senses.

4. Give examples of the general senses.

5. Name the 5 special senses and the location (in general) of their receptors.

6. Describe the structure and location of the olfactory receptors.

7. Summarize the olfactory pathway.

8. Describe the structure and location of the gustatory receptors.

9. Summarize the gustatory pathway.

10.Describe the location and function of the accessory structures of the eye.

11.Name the cavities of the eye and the fluid found in each cavity.

12.Identify the 3 layers of the eye. Include the 2 structures in the fibrous tunic of the eye, the 3 structures in the vascular tunic of the eye, the 2 layers within the neural tunic, and the 3 types of cells in the neural layer of the eye.

13.Describe the structure and function of the cornea and sclera.

14.Describe the structure and function of the iris, pupil, ciliary body, and choroid.

15.State the name and location of the 2 types of photoreceptor cells for vision.

16.Describe the structure and function of the bipolar cells and ganglion cells in the neural retina.

17.Describe the specialized regions of the retina including the macula lutea, fovea centralis, and optic disc.

18.Describe why the fovea is the area on the retina with the sharpest vision.

19.Describe the structure and function of the lens of the eye.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

20.Describe how the lens changes shape based on whether an object is close up or far away.

21.Summarize the visual pathway to the brain.

22.Identify the 3 major parts of the ear. Include the structures in the outer ear, the structures in the middle ear, and each of the structures in the bony and membranous labyrinth in the inner ear.

23.Describe the function of the following: auricle, external acoustic meatus (canal), and tympanic membrane.

24.Describe the function of the following: ossicles, oval window, round window, and Eustachian/auditory/pharyngotympanic tube.

25.Describe the function of the following: cochlea, cochlear duct, vestibule, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals, and semicircular ducts.

26.Describe the structure and location of the organ of Corti.

27.Briefly describe the steps involved in hearing.

28.Summarize the auditory pathway.

29.Describe the structure and location of the receptors for each of the following types of equilibrium: static and dynamic.

30.Briefly describe the activation of the receptor cells for dynamic and static equilibrium.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on human eye models or diagrams:

lacrimal gland

conjunctiva

extrinsic eye muscles

sclera

cornea

choroid

iris

pupil

ciliary muscle

suspensory ligaments/zonule

lens

retina

optic disc

optic nerve

fovea centralis

vitreous humor

aqueous humor

anterior segment

posterior segment

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a sheep or cow eyeball:

sclera

cornea

iris

pupil

optic nerve

lens

retina

optic disc

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

Locate these structures on models or diagrams of the ear:

outer ear

pinna

external auditory canal

tympanic membrane

middle ear

ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes

auditory (eustachian) tube

round window

oval window

inner ear

cochlea

cochlear duct

organ of Corti: basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, hair cells

vestibule

semicircular canals and ducts

Endocrine System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the location and structure of the hypothalamus.

• Students are familiar with the role of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic nervous system.

• Students are familiar with cell structures, especially plasma membrane,

cytoplasm, receptors and nucleus.

• Students are familiar with the structure and characteristics of biomolecules,

including amino acids, proteins, steroids and other lipids.

• Students are familiar with homeostatic mechanisms, including feedback

• Students are familiar with exocrine and endocrine glands in terms of where their

products are secreted

• Students are familiar with the nervous system, including the parts of the CNS,

neuron structure and function, synapses, and neurotransmitters.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the overall functions of the endocrine system.

2. Compare and contrast the endocrine and the nervous system in terms of speed of response, type of signaling, use of ligands and receptors, duration of the effects, and location of effectors.

3. Define the terms hormone, target cell, and receptor. Describe the basic relationship between hormone, receptor, and cellular response.

4. Describe the characteristics of endocrine glands.

5. Describe the chemical classification of hormones (amino acid derivatives, peptides, and steroids). List the major hormones in each category.

6. Compare the types of hormonal mechanisms of action (2nd messenger/gene activation) based on chemical class (peptide/steroid hormone), membrane permeability (hydrophilic/hydrophobic), and location of receptor (surface/intracellular receptor).

7. Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland (hypophyseal portal system). *

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

8. Describe the anatomical relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary gland (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract). *

9. Describe the origin and location of the anterior pituitary gland.

10. List the anterior pituitary hormones and their basic functions. Explain how their secretion is controlled by hypophysiotropic hormones.

11. Describe the origin and location of the posterior pituitary gland.

12. List the posterior pituitary hormones and their basic functions. Explain how their secretion is controlled by neural signals in the hypothalamus.

13. Describe the location, gross structure, and microscopic structure of the thyroid gland.

14. Briefly describe thyroid hormone synthesis (requires iodine), release and control of secretion.

15. Describe the actions and effects of thyroid hormone (T3+T4) and calcitonin.

16. Briefly describe the causes and effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

17. Describe the location of the parathyroid glands.

18. Briefly describe the actions and effects of parathyroid hormone and how its secretion is controlled by blood calcium levels.

19. Describe the location and structure of the adrenal glands (zones of the cortex are not required).

20. List the 3 groups of hormones produced in the adrenal cortex and the one group in the adrenal medulla. For each hormone, explain what controls its secretion and its major actions and effects.

21. Briefly describe the causes and effects of cortisol hypo- and hypersecretion.

22. Describe the location and gross structure of the pancreas.

23. Describe the pancreatic islets and the functions of alpha and beta cells.

24. Explain the control of insulin secretion and its major actions and effects including the role of GLUT-4 and normal blood glucose levels.

25. Explain the control of glucagon secretion and its major actions and effects.

26. Describe the causes of diabetes mellitus types I and II. Explain the overall effects of diabetes mellitus on blood glucose, the shift to fat metabolism and its effects on blood ketone levels and pH. Explain the relationship between blood glucose concentration, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these glands on model or diagrams:

pituitary (hypophysis)

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

pancreas

Cardiovascular System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with cell transport mechanisms.

• Students understand that blood is a connective tissue.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

• Students are familiar with the structure and function of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue.

• Students are familiar with the autonomic nervous system and its effects on target organs

Heart

Lecture Objectives:

1. Discuss the functions of the heart.

2. Describe the blood flow through the pulmonary and the system circuits

3. Describe the anatomical location and orientation of the heart.

4. Describe the structure and function of the pericardium and the function of the pericardial fluid.

5. Name and describe the three layers of the heart, including the tissues of each layer.

6. Describe the location of the following structures: interatrial septum, interventricular septum, atrioventricular septum.

7. Describe the structure, location and function of the atria and ventricles.

8. State the location and functions of the tricuspid, bicuspid, aortic semilunar and pulmonary semilunar valve and

9. Trace the flow of blood through the heart, identifying the major blood vessels, chambers, and valves.

10. List the 2 types of cells in the myocardium.

11. Describe the function of the autorhythmic cells and how they are unique.

12. Trace the spread of impulses from the conduction system starting with the sinoatrial (SA) node and ending with the Purkinje fibers. *

13. Draw an electrocardiogram wave (ECG) and describe what causes the deflections or peaks of the wave.

14. Define cardiac cycle and list the phases.

15. Briefly explain the major events during the various phases (not required to cover isovolumetric contraction or relaxation). *

16. Explain what is responsible for heart sounds.

17. Define cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate. Explain the relationship between each.

18. Describe Starling’ Law and preload and how it affects stroke volume. *

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on heart models or diagrams:

atria - right and left

ventricles - right and left

heart wall: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

fossa ovalis

interventricular septum

apex

bicuspid valve

tricuspid valve

aortic semilunar valve

pulmonary semilunar valve

aorta pulmonary trunk

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

pulmonary veins

vena cavae: superior and inferior

coronary arteries (right and left)

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a sheep heart:

atria - right and left

ventricles - right and left

heart wall: epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

interventricular septum

apex

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

heart

Blood

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the primary function of the cardiovascular system.

2. Name the 3 components of the cardiovascular system.

3. Describe the major functions of blood.

4. Describe the physical characteristics of blood, including volume, temperature, viscosity, color and pH.

5. Describe plasma and formed elements as two major components of blood.

6. List the components that make up plasma.

7. List the 3 major proteins found in plasma, and describe the functions of each.

8. Describe the number of red blood cells (RBCs) normally found in the body, their lifespan, where they are produced, and where they are destroyed.

9. Describe the structure and function of mature red blood cells, including their shape, their diameter, the presence or absence of organelles, and presence of hemoglobin.

10. Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin and include the number of O2 gas molecules each hemoglobin molecule can carry.

11. Describe the GENERAL structure of white blood cells (WBCs), where they are produced, and their life span.

12. Name the five types of WBCs (leukocytes) and classify each as a granulocyte or agranulocyte.

13. Describe the general structure and function of the five types of white blood cells.

14. Describe the structure and function of thrombocytes (platelets).

15. Define hemopoiesis and erythropoiesis.

16. Name the hormone that stimulates erythropoiesis and include the stimulus for its release.

17. Define hemostasis, name and describe all 3 phases of hemostasis.

18. List the blood type antigens of the ABO system and Rh system and identify a blood type based on the antigens expressed on a RBC.

19. Identify the specific antibodies expressed in a person’s plasma based on his/her blood type.

20. Explain the principles of blood transfusion based on blood type antigens and antibodies.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structure on a slide of human blood:

erythrocytes

leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

thrombocytes

Blood typing lab with discussion of blood groups (ABO and Rh)

Blood Vessels

Lecture Objectives:

1. Discuss the different types of blood vessels, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.

2. Compare and contrast structural differences among arteries, capillaries, and veins.

3. Describe the general histology and function of each vessel type.

4. Describe the function of valves in the veins.

5. Define blood pressure, systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure.

6. Describe how blood pressure is measured.

7. Describe how blood pressure changes as it moves through the vasculature of the body.

8. Define the baroreceptor reflex.

9. Describe vasomotor control and differential distribution of blood flow.

10. Outline major pathways in the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

11. Discuss and outline the following specific circulations:

a. coronary circulation

b. circle of Willis

c. hepatic portal system.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these arteries on torso models or diagrams and know the major areas of the body supplied by each artery:

aorta: ascending, arch, thoracic, abdominal

brachiocephalic

common carotid

internal carotid

external carotid

subclavian

vertebral

Circle of Willis (not individual vessels)

axillary

brachial

radial

celiac trunk

hepatic

splenic

left gastric

superior mesenteric

inferior mesenteric

renal

common iliac

external iliac

femoral

popliteal

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

anterior and posterior tibial

Identify these veins on the circulatory and torso model or diagrams and know the major areas of the body drained by each vein:

superior vena cava

brachiocephalic

jugular, internal and external

subclavian

axillary

cephalic

brachial

basilic

median cubital

inferior vena cava

hepatic

hepatic portal

renal

common iliac

internal iliac

external iliac

femoral

popliteal

tibial: anterior and posterior

greater saphenous

Identify the vessels of the pulmonary circuit on models or diagrams: pulmonary arteries

pulmonary veins

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

heart aorta: arch. abdominal common carotid artery anterior and posterior vena cava

Lymphatic System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with lymphocytes (as a type of leukocyte).

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the general functions of the lymphatic system.

2. Describe the production, function, and transport (flow) of lymph.

3. Compare lymph, plasma, and interstitial fluid.

4. Describe the major lymphatic ducts and their drainage area.

5. Describe the location, histology and function of lymph nodes.

6. Describe the MALT.

7. Describe the location and function of the different types of tonsils.

8. Describe the location and function of the thymus.

9. Describe the location, histology and function of spleen.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on models or diagrams:

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

tonsils: pharyngeal, palatine, tubal, lingual

spleen

lymph node

thoracic duct

right lymphatic duct

vermiform appendix

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

thymus spleen

Respiratory System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with basic chemistry, including chemical reactions, and

enzymes

• Students are familiar with pH and buffers

• Students are familiar with cell transport mechanisms.

• Students are familiar with the autonomic nervous system and its effects on target

organs

• Students are familiar with serous membranes, including pleurae.

• Students are familiar with muscles involved in respiration.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the general functions of the respiratory system.

2. Describe the processes associated with respiration.

3. Explain the process for which cells need oxygen and describe what happens if we don’t get rid of carbon dioxide.

4. Name the organs of the conducting and respiratory zones of respiratory system.

5. Describe the structure and function of the nose, including nares, septum, conchae, mucous membrane.

6. Describe the function and location of the pharynx. Describe the different sections of the pharynx and anatomical landmarks for beginning and ending of each section.

7. Describe the function and location of larynx, including cartilages (thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid) and vocal folds.

8. Describe the function and location of trachea, including C shaped cartilages and epithelium.

9. Describe the function and location of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.

10. Describe the bronchioles, terminal bronchioles and the bronchial tree.

11. Describe the structures associated with the respiratory zone: alveolar duct, alveolar sac and alveoli.

12. Describe the 3 cell types in the alveolar wall. *

13. Describe the respiratory membrane in terms of function, histology, and location. *

14. Describe the location of the lungs and associated pleura. Describe the function of the serous fluid.

15. Describe the function and gross anatomy of the right and left lungs, including the terms: apex, base and cardiac notch.

16. Define pulmonary ventilation. Describe the relationship between the volume of the lungs and the pressure inside of the lungs.

17. Describe the following lung volumes and capacities: tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory reserve volume, vital capacity.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

18. Calculate pulmonary ventilation rate.

19. Define partial pressure. List partial pressures for the gases in the lungs and the peripheral tissues.

20. Describe gas exchange in the lungs and peripheral tissues (specifically the direction of the movement of gases and what causes the gases to stop diffusing). *

21. Describe the transport of oxygen in the body (including the percentages). Write the equation representing the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin. *

22. Describe the transport of carbon dioxide in the body (including the percentages). Write the equation representing the binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin and the conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate (HCO3-). *

23. Briefly explain the control of respiration by the medulla oblongata, including the role of chemoreceptors.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on models or diagrams:

external nares

nasal cavity

pharynx: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

epiglottis

glottis

larynx

laryngeal cartilages: thyroid, cricoid

trachea

bronchi: primary, secondary, tertiary bronchioles alveoli pleura: visceral and parietal left and right lungs

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

larynx trachea lungs diaphragm

Digestive System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with the function of the hepatic portal system

• Students are familiar with the structure and function of smooth muscle tissue.

• Students are familiar with basic chemistry

• Students are familiar with chemical reactions, enzymes, organic compounds and biomolecules

• Students are familiar with pH and buffers

• Students are familiar with cell transport mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport (primary and secondary), vesicular transport

• Students are familiar with the autonomic nervous system and its effects on target organs

• Students are familiar with serous membranes, including the peritoneum.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the functions of the digestive system.

2. Name the organs that compose the digestive tract and the accessory organs that contribute to the function of the digestive system.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

3. Name the four layers of the digestive tract wall from the esophagus to the large intestine and a brief description of each. Describe how the mucosa changes along the tract and how the muscularis mucosae functions.

4. Distinguish peristalsis from segmentation. Describe how the muscle layers in the muscularis externa control peristalsis and segmentation.

5. Describe the function of the oral cavity and the tongue. Describe the structure of a tooth and name the 4 types of teeth in the adult jaw.

6. Name the 3 major pairs of salivary glands. Describe the composition and function of saliva including salivary amylase.

7. Describe the process of swallowing.

8. Describe the parietal and visceral peritoneum, the function of the serous fluid and mesentery (omentum).

9. Describe the function of the stomach and the 4 regions of the stomach. Describe a gastric gland and the function of stomach gastrin, HCl and pepsinogen. Describe how rugae allow the stomach wall to stretch when filling.

10.Describe how the cardiac and pyloric sphincters function.

11.Name the 3 regions of the small intestine and describe their function. Describe how circular folds, villi and microvilli increase the mucosa surface area and how the ileocecal sphincter functions.

12.Describe the 4 regions of the large intestine. Describe the function of the large intestine, appendix, the rectum, the anal canal and the anal sphincters.

13.Describe the gross anatomy and name the functions of the liver including the role of bile and bile salts in fat digestion.

14.Briefly describe the structure of a hepatic lobule.

15.Describe the bile duct system beginning with the right and left hepatic ducts, the common hepatic duct, the cystic duct, common bile duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

16.Describe the exocrine function of the pancreas, examples of pancreatic enzymes (protease, lipase and amylase) their substrates and how the main pancreatic duct directs pancreas products to the duodenum.

17.Describe the function of the bicarbonate that is produced by the pancreas.

18.Describe the function of the gallbladder.

19.Describe the cephalic, gastric and duodenal responses and how the enterogastric reflex matches the rate of movement of chyme from the stomach to the rate of processing in the duodenum.

20.Describe how secretin stimulates bile production by the liver and the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas.

21.Describe how CCK stimulates the gall bladder to contract, the hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

22.Identify the region of the digestive tract in which absorption of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins occur.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on models or diagrams:

oral cavity

salivary glands: parotid, submandibular, sublingual

palate: hard and soft

esophagus

stomach: cardiac/gastroesophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, rugae

liver: hepatic ducts (right, left and common),

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

gall bladder: cystic duct

common bile duct

pancreas: pancreatic duct

small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

ileocecal valve

large intestine: cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum anus

peritoneum: visceral, parietal, mesentery, greater omentum

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine greater omentum pancreas mesentery

liver gall bladder if present in species dissected

Urinary System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

• Students are familiar with basic chemistry, including chemical reactions, ions, enzymes, organic compounds and biomolecules.

• Students are familiar with pH and buffers.

• Students are familiar with cell transport mechanisms, including diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the general functions of the urinary system.

2. Name the major organs in the urinary system and their overall function.

3. Describe the location of the kidneys.

4. Describe the external gross anatomy of the kidneys, including: fibrous capsule adipose tissue, and fibrous outer layer

5. Describe the 2 major regions of the kidney, including the following terms: cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, renal columns, renal papilla and lobes

6. Describe the internal gross anatomy of the kidneys, including the following: the calyx, and renal pelvis.

7. Trace the path for blood flow through the kidneys

8. Define the term nephron. Describe the structure and function of the following: glomerulus (glomerular capillaries), Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule), proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop (loop of Henle), distal convoluted tubule.

9. Describe the collecting system, including the collecting duct and its relationship to the nephron.

10.Describe the function of the blood vessels associated with the nephron.

11.List the 3 processes that occur in the nephron.

12.Describe filtration as the movement of fluid through a layer of cells.

13.Describe the filtration membrane.

14.Define glomerular filtration rate and list factors in the body that affect it.

15.Describe reabsorption and secretion, including where they occur in the nephron.

16.Describe the effects of ADH on the DCT and collecting duct. *

17.Describe the function and structure of the juxtaglomerular complex.

18.Describe the renin-angiotensin system, including the stimulus for activation, the enzymatic pathway in the body, and the resulting effects in the body. *

19.Describe the location, gross structure, and function of the urinary bladder, including the internal urethral sphincter.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

20.Describe the location and histology of external urethral sphincter and control by the nervous system.

21.Describe the location, gross structure, and function of the urethra. Compare the structure of the urethra in the female and male.

22.Describe the pathway for urine flow out of the body.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on models or diagrams:

kidney: cortex, medulla, renal pyramids, pelvis, hilus, calyx

nephron: glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle/loop of the nephron, distal convoluted tubule

collecting tubule

ureter

urinary bladder

urethra

blood supply: renal arteries and veins, afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries,

efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, vasa recta

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig, rat):

kidney ureter urinary bladder

Reproductive System

Assumptions concerning students’ existing knowledge:

 Students are familiar with the autonomic nervous system and its effect on target

organs.

Lecture Objectives:

1. Describe the overall structure of the reproductive system as being composed of gonads plus accessory organs.

2. Describe the overall function of the reproductive system as the production and gametes and hormones that coordinate reproductive functions.

3. Describe the functions, location, gross anatomy, and microscopic anatomy (seminiferous tubules, sustentacular cells, spermatogenic cells, and interstitial cells) of the testis.

4. Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

5. Describe the function and gross anatomy of the scrotum.

6. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the epididymis.

7. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the ductus deferens (= vas deferens ).

8. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the spermatic cord.

9. Describe the function and location of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.

10. Explain the role of the urethra in the male reproductive system.

11. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the penis.

12. Describe the functions, location, gross anatomy, and microscopic anatomy of the ovaries.

13. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the oviducts ( = uterine tubes = fallopian tubes).

14. Describe the functions, location, gross anatomy, and microscopic anatomy of the uterus including the functional and basilar zones of the endometrium.

15. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the vagina including the fornices.

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

16. Describe the function, location, and gross anatomy of the clitoris and vestibular bulb.

17. Describe the location of the vestibule, labia majora, and labia minora.

18. Define perineum and apply it to both males and females. Explain the difference between the perineum and obstetrical perineum.

19. Explain the relationship between GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, and inhibin in males. Include negative feedback control of FSH and LH by testosterone and inhibin.

20. List the major functions of androgens in males.

21. Explain the relationship between GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens, progestin, and inhibin in females. Include negative feedback control of FSH and LH by estrogens, progestin, and inhibin.

22. Describe the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. Describe the process of oogenesis, changes in ovarian follicles, the process of ovulation, and the formation of the corpus luteum. Correlate changes in the ovary to levels of FSH and LH.

23. Describe the proliferative, secretory and menstrual phases of the uterine cycle. Emphasize the control of endometrial structure and function by ovarian hormones.

Lab Objectives:

Identify these structures on models or diagrams:

male reproductive structures

testes (singular = testis)

scrotum

epididymis

ductus (vas) deferens

ejaculatory duct

urethra

seminal vesicles

prostate gland

bulbourethral glands

penis

corpus spongiosum

glans penis

corpora cavernosa

prepuce

female reproductive structures

ovaries

oviducts ( = uterine tubes = fallopian tubes): fimbriae

uterus: fundus, body, cervix, endometrium, myometrium

vagina

labia majora

labia minora

vestibule

clitoris

vestibular bulbs

Locate and identify these structures through dissection of a whole animal (cat, fetal pig,

rat):

testes

Intro to A&P Common Course Objectives May 30, 2018

ovaries